nikki

My day ---Nov 4th ---> BIG SHOCK

2009-11-04T19:20:00.000-08:00

Today morning I woke up and had breakfast and got ready for office. I went to the office at 10.00 and for few minutes I browsed the net and I went to Dr. Salihu for explaining and clarifying few concepts from him but he said he was busy as he has 2 meetings. I was like ok and went to my seat and listened to two videos which are SOAP based web service and AJAX based web service. I also listened to validation control which helped me to understand few concepts.
After that I have seen my time sheet. I have filled the form and went to Dr. Salihu' soffice for signature
I knocked the door. He opened it and was sorry and we together went to my cabin.
I explained the model to him and got some good knowledge on what we were doing. I think I impressed him with my ideas. After the meeting I asked him for the signature. I went to Zota, Laura office and submitted my time sheet. I asked her about my tuition reimbursement. She said that I will only get my in-state fee as I was late for oppointing as a G.A.
My heart was broken in to 1000 pieces. I have no clue what she was saying. She has written something on the paper and showed me that I will get 2200 dollars but I was expecting 7000 dollars. I don't know what to do.
Let's see how it goes.
Please GOD, atleast give me out-state fee instead of in-state fee.
Please help me with this issue.

UMN to USF Good Step ya Bad Step????

2009-10-14T17:16:00.000-07:00

I moved to USF, which has an average ranking when compared with UMN but I feel as if I am in home. I love the place here and the ambience. Before talking about USF I would like to share my struggles (it is the apt word) in UMN. The biggest mistake in my life is applying for UMN. I still remember pradeep told me to apply UMN in which Ravi Teja has also applied. I listened to his words, which is the biggest mistake. I went to I20 fever and I told about UMN and he readily accepted and asked me to apply. I applied. Mean time annapurna, my good friend always back of me to apply USF and I gave her damn. I told to my friends in a sarcastic way that annapurna is asking me to apply to USF. We all made fun of her. After few days I got admit in Arizona State University and I was on top of the world. I have decided to go to ASU. After few days bad luck entered in to my mail. I also got admit in UMN. At that momment I was like OMG!!!!
Everyone in my circle are happy and I came to know that even raviteja also got admit in UMN, who is my sheni. I hate this guy to the core.
I have done all the paper work and applied for visa. Flied to UMN. From the time of taking off everything went wrong. In the airport appu cried.
All the friends are very sober who are not my type. I am looking for people who are of my type and I didn't find anyone. I met harish and murthy who are the second most people whom I hate most.
Flight journey was ok.
I landed in US and I didn't have a temporary accommodation. Vidhya, the name I can never forget. Though she didn't like me or I didn't made a good impression on her but I respect her a lot. She showed me the campus and agreed to take me as temp accommodation. Robin, another senior who helped me in initial days.
We have taken the lease and started living in Apt 414, Erie Street. We four started living and my day of struggle started. Classes were very high standard for me to understand. I couldn't follow anything but my peers are doing well. I don't know what I am doing. I was all alone. All the time we would struggle for the homework sitting all night and doing average. Sravan, who is BITSian was clever chap. He could follow everything whereas I faced so many problems.

Computer related problems

2009-08-26T21:16:00.000-07:00

Solved problems in windows after installing new software?

Generally the cause may be conflict with the other software which is already installed or problem in installing.

For this uninstall the software and then install again. After installing there may be cases where we cannot boot in to windows. Then the option is to boot in safe mode.

If we have the same problem then see for updates in the developer site.

some times computer runns slow.

the cause may be hard drive may be short of space

Several softwares have been installed and uninstalled so it confuses the operating system and it results in slowness.

Computer may be over heated due to over use or if heat sink is bad or fan is bad.

we need to make sure that there is atleast 500 mb of free space so that it has space for temporary files.

If there is some problem with hardware then by using a software called scandisk we can know which part has been affected.

There will be some backgroung programs that start when system starts. We have to make sure that it is not consuming lot of memory. We can see the CPU usage by seeing the TASKMANAGER.

How to fix an invalid page fault?

Page fault is a thing that causes when a software or program calls or stores some information of the computer memory that does not exhist.

run scandisk or defrag

delete all teh temp files

uninstall newly installed software.

I have good knowledge on adobe products like adobe photoshop, adobe reader, adobe flash.

I had also made short movie using flash 8.

Anti virus that I worked on is Nortan which now is called symantic. There are few basic tips that have to be done for keeping system protected. Update the anti virus every month. We get this with package and we need to be very careful with the e-mail which has virus.

Backing up the data in to portable hard disk is always recomeended.

In Windows there are four versions

home basic: 200

home premium:250

business:300

ultimate:320

RAM of 4 GB is good....it varies depending on the requirements. I can study the requirement and depending on that I can suggest which RAM to be taken.

I can also know which monitor to take. If we have intense applications where we need to see the image properly then we go for LCD. but the problem here is view angle is very less. In general monitor the pixcels are less but the view angle is large.

Bit stream has to be 32-bit.

MEMS...good luck 2

2009-08-26T16:10:00.000-07:00

Diameter of human hair : 100 micro meter

Biological cells / bacteria : 10 micro meter

CMOS transistor gate : 10 nano meter

Virus : 10 nano meter

protein/ DNA : 1 nano meter

Size of MEMS device : 100 nano meter - 1 micro meter

Surface Micro Machined Structures - Classic MEMS - 1 micro m - 300micro m

Bulk Silicon / wafer bonded structures - MEMS - 300 micro - 3 milli m

Nano electro mechanical systems - NEMS - 10 nm - 1mm

1)How does the scaling affect the actuation force for electric motor?

2) what is the best actuation mechanism for micro scale motor?

3) Can you extend Feynman's paper with one more section?

Applications

Automotive: Airbag Sensors

Vehicle security systems

inertial brake lights

Tyre Pressure sensors

Sensors:

Sensors are devices that are used to measure physical variables like temperature, pH, velocity, rotational rate, pressure. Those signals are often imported in to computer programs, stored in files, plotted on computers.

Sensor sensitiviy indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes.

Making the sensor smaller improves the sensitivity and speed.

Chemical Sensors:

Chemical sensors detect chemical vapors. There are various types of detecting elements such as carbon nano tubes, zinc oxide nano wires, palladium nano particles.

These detecting elements change their electrical characteristics such as resistance or capacitance when they absorb a gas molecule.

These chemical sensors are used in the airport to sniff the harmful chemicals.

These can also be used in industry to detect any leakage of harmful gas.

Chemical sensors are small sized devices comprising a recognition element, a transduction element, and a signal processor capable of continuously and reversibly reporting a chemical concentration.

It should have a high sensitivity that means low concentration values should be detected.

MEMS...good luck

2009-08-17T12:02:00.000-07:00

Micro ELectr Mechanical System can be classified in to five main types.

Metals

Semi Conductors

Ceramics

Polymers

Composites

METALS are basically inorganic substances that are composed of one or more metallic elements.

Example of metallic materials with one element are iron, alluminium, copper and cobalt. When a metallic material is composed of two or more metallic elements, it is called an alloy.

METALLISATION:

It is the process in which metal films are formed on the surface of a substrate. These metallic films are used for inter connections, ohmic contacts and so on. Methods in which metal films are formed are

PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION: It is performed under vacuum using either the evaporation or the sputtering technique.

EVAPORATION

It consist of a vacuum chamber, pump, wafer holder, crucible and a shutter. A sample of metal to be deposited is placed in an inert crucible and the chamber is evacuated at a pressure of 10 ^ -6 to 10 ^ -7 torr. The crucible is then heated using a tungsten filament or an electron beam to evaporate the meatal from the crucible and condense it on the cold sample.

The film thickness is determined by the length of the time that the shutter is opened and can be measured using a quartz microbalance.

The evaporation rate is a function of the vapor pressure of the metal. Therefore metals have a low melting point are easily evaporated. where as refractory metals require high temperature.

SPUTTERING

This involves acceleration of ions through the potential gradient and the bombardment of a target or a cathode. Atoms near the surface of the target metal become volatile and are transported as a vapor to a substrate.

SEMI CONDUCTOR GROWTH AND DEPOSITION :

Silicon Crystal Growth from the Melt:

The technique used for silicon crystal growth from the melt is Czocharlski technique.

The technique starts from a pure form of sand (SiO2) called quartzite is placed in a furnace with different carbon releasing materials such as coal and coke.

SiC + SiO2 --> Si + SiO (gas) + CO (gas)

The silicon so produced is called Metallurgical grade silicon (MGS) which contain up to 2 percent impurities

Silicon is treated with hydro chloride (Hcl) to form tri chloro silane. Tri chloro silane is a liquid at room temperature. Fractional distillation of the SiHcl3 liquid removes impurities and the purified liquid is reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere to yield ELECTRONIC GRADED SILICON (EGS).

EPITAXAL GROWTH:

The method for growing silicon layer on the substrate wafer is known as epitaxal process in which the substrate wafer acts as seed crystal.

Among various epitaxial process Vapor Phase Epitaxy is the usual process for silicon growth. It requires a horizontal susceptor made from graphite blocks. The susceptor mechanically supports the wafer and being an induction-heated reactor, it also serves as the source of thermal energy for the reaction.

AN alternate epitaxal process for silicon growth is Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE). which is an epitaxal process that involves the reaction of a thermal beam of silicon atoms with a silicon wafer surface under ultra high vacuum conditions.

CERAMICS

Ceramics are inorganic materials that consist of metallic and non-metallic elements that are chemically bonded together.

Examples are alumina(Al2O3), salts such as sodium chloride and calicium flouride.

Most ceramic materials whether single crystalline or nano crystalline have high hardness and high temperature strength but they are mechanically brittle. The important application for ceramics is their use in tiles for the NASA space shuttle.

POLYMERS

Polymers are materials that are organic compounds. which have long molecular chains or networks. Example of polymeric materials include expoxies, polysters, nylons and silicones. Polymers are poor conductors infact they are excellent insulators. Most composite consist of

kannada

2009-08-16T20:18:00.001-07:00

hey gidhiya - hw r u

en mad thi diya - what r u doing?

Reliability of Bi-stable single domain nano magnets for cellular automation

2009-08-13T21:49:00.000-07:00

As VLSI is saturated so we are looking in to the next generation of technology.

This is combination of magnetism and Quantum cellular Automata.

Initially the paper was about the elliptical input dot which is considered as the input and then the circular dots. The input is applied with the magnetic field.

It basically compared the differences between transistor circuit and QCA circuits.

They have the inter connection . For QCA it has low power system.

These are about the nano magnets. These are arranged in various fashions. In the second paper the wires are arranged in orthogonal fashion so that there is minimum interference.

Shape anisotrophy is a big subject. Elliptical and circular nano magnets are used. Rectangular nano magnets are used presently.

Before they used seperate magnet for input but these can also be done without input magnet.

In the magnets when we apply magnetic field most of the dipole moment point one direction which is said to be north pole and the other side is considered as south pole.

If we consider one direction as logic one then the other side is logic 0.

To propogate or reverse the state of the network a soliton is created which is a self re-inforcing wave.

when a field is applied three instants are considered to understand the behavior how the nano magnet changes its state.

At T1 when + 10 oesterds are given then all the magnetic dots are coupled with each other which represent that the data is propagating.

At T2 when -10 oesterds that is negative field in the same direction or positive field in the opposite direction. then soliton moves in the reverse direction that is changing the states of all magnets.

At T3 the pulse is rising so the states are changed again.

The material that is used is permalloy ,which is an alloy for nickel, Iron.

For a nano pillar there is easy axis and hard axis. Easy axis is a stable state. In order for the nano magnet to change the state it has to change from one easy axis to the other. i.e. it need to have enough energy to cross the hard axis.

Magnetic majority gate. In this the shape of the nano magnet chosen is rectangular. rectangular shape is chosen because there is high enery barrier between two stable states so there are less chances of being in meta-state. The nano pillars are fabricated have a thickness of 35 nm , width of 70 nm, height of 135 nm and are made of permalloy.

The results have presented using Magnetic Force Microscopy.

The next is the advancement of the paper. The wires which has all the nano dots are perpendicular wires in the same plane without signal degradation. The system that is fabricated has 9 junctions and 120 single domain nano magnets. The orthogonal wires allow for minimal interference between the crossing wires.

In this magnetic soliton carry the information. Applied oscillating magnetic field feeds energy in to the system and acts as a clock.

The striking feature is integration density is increased 1000 times and power dissipation is reduced by 100 times.

The problem with quantum cellular auomata is that they work only at low temperature. They can be made to work at room temperature by making the dot size extremely small i.e. in nano meteres size.

We can make work at larger size but by using the magnetic metals to make the dots.

In th eseries of dots the first circular dot acts as an AND gate with oscillating field as one input and eloganted dot as the other input.

Other advantage of this is two channels can be split so FAN_OUT of the signals can be possible.

I think the problem here is about the input. How the input are given to the dots. In complex logic there has to be a case where each dot has to be programmed. If we could put a conducting wire near each dot and pass the electric current.

Other advantage is power dissipation is very less. As it doesn't need any energy for the switching purpose. So the propogation of data happens without any loss.

Paper by R.L stamps and Hillebrands say that submicrometer magnetic particles can be switched in less than 1 ns.

I am looking for the advancement in this regarding 3 dimensional MQCA.

Arslan - Mobile Communication

2009-08-07T08:23:00.000-07:00

Telecommunication involves
Voice communications
Data communications
Radio systems
Navigational systems
Mobile networks
Fixed networks
Broadcast networks

I have gone through the Homer to Marconi, from telegraph to radio telegraph

Tele, the word is from greek which means far or distant.

The first telegraph model used 26 pairs of wires , one to transmit each letter of the alphabet.
Samuel Morse reduced the wires in to one. He produced a coding system that produced ECG like line on tickertape
then dots and dashes that could be sound read by the operators

Alexander Graham bell invented telephone in 1876

In 19th century Marconi invention of radio telegraph .

Types of Networks:
FIXED COMMUNICATION NETWORKS:
The fixed part connects the user's equipment to the telecom network using some type of physical medium. Cooper wires, coaxial cable, fiber optics.

In some cases they provide fixed connection using a radio connection. This is referred as wireless local loop (WLL)

Types of Fixed networks
PSTN (Public switched telephone networks) > Analog > Voice based
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)> Digital > Voice and Data.

PSTN is available dial-up telephone network. It is a complex interconnection of switching centers. International connections are also possible with this.

Analog to digital is converted to maintain the audio quality.

INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK:
Modern telephone carries not only voice but also data at the rate of 64 kbps.

TYPES OF ISDN CONNECTIONS:
Digitally provided circuit that provides three interfaces
1) 2B + D or Basic rate ISDN
2B refers to two individual voice and data channel or combined 128 kbps data channel. D is a 16 kbps channel used for signalling. ISDN has added advantage of having concurrent calls and data lines.
FAster network is available that offers 30 'B' channel and 1 D channel. Total rate is 2.048 M bps.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Mobile network differs from fixed networks in that 'Last Mile' (or the connection to the user) is based on radio transmission techniques. The wireless service gives the advantage of mobility.

There are analog mobile networks before.

analog mobile phone technologies:
TACS : Total Access Communication Systems
AMPS : Advanced Mobile Phone Systems
NMT : Nordic mobile telephone
Radiocom 2000
NETZ C

DIGITAL MOBIL ENETWORKS:
second generation mobile phones are digital and generally improve the quality of service and increases the number of services that the network can support.
GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication.
D-AMPS : Digital AMPS (IS-54, IS 136)
cdma one
PDC Public Digital Cellular

2.5G Technologies
GPRS : General Packet Radio Service
EDGE : Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution
CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access.

Efficient Transmission of data : PACKET DATA

3G has higher data rates

Ganesha...

2009-07-23T09:36:00.000-07:00

Gana naya kaya gana daiva taya gana nadaksha demahi

guna sheriraya guna manditaya

gune shanay demahi

guna de taya guna de shaya guna pravi shtaya demahi

eka dantaya vakra tundaya gauri tana haya demahi

gaje sha naya bala chandraya shree ganesha ya demahi

(eka dantaya vakra tundaya gauri tana ya dhi mahi

gaje sha naya bala chandraya shree ganesha ya demahi)

gana chatu raya gana pra naya gaana anta ratmane gannot sukhaya

gana man taya gannot sukha mana se

guru pujithaya guru daivataya guru kulasthaine

guru vikramaya gui va pra va raya gurave guna gura ve

guru dai tya kala chetre , guru dharma sada rak dhaya

guru putra paridh rare guru pak khanda khanda kaye

geeta saraya geet tatvaya geet kotraya dimahi

gudda gulfaya ganndha mattaya go jaya pradaya dimahi

guna di taya guna dhi shaya guna pravishtaya dimahi

eka dantaya vakra tundaya gauri tana haya demahi

gaje sha naya bala chandraya shree ganesha ya demahi

(eka dantaya vakra tundaya gauri tana haya dhi mahi

gaje sha naya bala chandraya shree ganesha ya demahi)

(gandharva rajaya gandhaya gandharva gana shravan pranaime

gaadha anuragaya granthaya geethaya grandartha tanmaye gurilee

guna vata yeee.....gana pata yee....)

granta geetaya granta geeyaya grantana rata mane

geeta leenaya geeta shra yaya

geeta vadva patave , dheya charitaya gaya gava raya

gandharva pri krupe gaya ka dhina vighra haya

ganga jala pranaya vate gauri stanam madhaya gauri hridaya nandayana

gaura bhanu sukhaya gauri ganesh wara ya

gauri pranaya gauri pravanaya gauri bhava ya dhimahi

ohasa hastraya gowara danaya gopa gopaya dhimahi

guna di taya guna dhi shaya guna pravishtaya dhimahi

eka dantaya vakra tundaya gauri tana haya demahi

gaje sha naya bala chandraya shree ganesha ya demahi

(eka dantaya vakra tundaya gauri tana haya dhi mahi

gaje sha naya bala chandraya shree ganesha ya demahi)

PE LEC 3

2009-07-15T07:54:00.000-07:00

Power electronics should be highly efficient , reliable . Cost, size and weight should be as low as possible.
The regulated power supply that we use in the lab is not a power electronic equipment.
Both of them are doing the same function.
How can the circuit change the voltage level, yet dissipate low power?
Input to both the regulators is single phase ac. So why one circuit dissipates less power compared to the other.
We know the circuit elements are L and C. They are considered to be passive elements. Transistors and Mosfets they are considered to be active.
In passive elements resistors consumes power where as L and C do not consume power.
How about the active elements?
In the transistor, what is the power loss that is taking place when the device is ON.
Power dissipated is Ic * Vce.
This transistor in active region Vce is high. If the transistor is operated in saturation Vce is low.
The power loss in transistor can be reduced if I operate in saturation. In that case Vce is Vce sat.

so Vce sat * Ic is very low.
If I operate the device in saturation I can reduce the power that is dissipated in the transistor.

What are the conclusions that I can make?
In a power electronic equipment I should be using L and C. The active devices for example transistor we should operate in saturation.

Resistors and active elements operated in the active region results in the power dissipation.

Applications

-> Motor drives : To vary the speed over wide range. We have to use a power electronic converter.

-> Power supply that is used in computers

->UPS , the momment the ac supplies goes down there has to be a system that switches on ac supply.

-> Lighting, especially when the input voltage is very low the conventional balast won't work. There is a voltage range for conventional choke or balast.

If the input voltage falls below certain value it will not glow. Whereas If I use an electronic balast it can operate even at low voltage.

-> high frequency Induction heating

-> Electric welding.

-> Active filters, If there are harmonics we need to filter them.

-> Bulk power transmission. nothing but HVDC (High voltage direct current)

-> Electric Vehicles. to process power from non conventional source

The progress in PE is primarily due to the advances in power semi conductor devices.

A small diode, the rating is 0.5 amp and it can block 50 volts also.

High power diode can carry 40 amps and it can withstand 1200 volts.\

If I use a diaode in ac supply in negative half cycle and make this reverse biased and it has to withstand the voltage. so this diode can block voltage up to 1200 volts.

A small transistor, BJT SL 100 can carry , rating is 500 milli amps and can be used in the circuit and it can block up to 50 volts.

The power transistor and this is mounted on the rear side of the power supply.

A single phase diode bridge

these ar ethe two input terminals and these are the two o/p terminals one is + and other is -.

A small transistor 500 milli amps and 50 volts.

one module . There are two such devices which can be controlled using gate signal and a diode that is connected across it. and we have anti parallel diodes. Each device can carry 50 amps and it can block as high as 1200 volts.22.09

........................

2009-07-14T12:05:00.000-07:00

Sandeep - " hmmm endi ra pottoda....enni kashtalu re neeku......hayega TCS lo vundakunta....hmmm"
chudu ra....pandaga cheyyi ne badalu akkadikuda vinpisthunnaye.....edo pedda successful vade laga build up ichhav chudu.....ippudu ela vundo.....

PE LEC 2

2009-07-13T15:43:00.000-07:00

last class we studied about the need for conserving electric energy.

In case of induction machine which is work horse of industry. In case of induction machine to save energy in between the source and load. Just by connecting source to the load is not sufficient to save electric energy or it is not possible to operate the machine when efficiency is maximum.
There has to be separate power processing unit which processes the power and it gives the required input to the machine.

Let us see in case of DC machine. DC machine has excellent control characteristics. It is very easy to control the torque. Armature current and field current are always there at quadrature i.e. in 90 degrees. The angle between Ia and If is always 90 degrees.
Therefore Torque/ampere is maximum but at the same time we all know about the disadvantages. It requires regular maintenance and it is not suitable for high speed applications. All this limitations are addressed in induction machines. Induction machine is a very rugget machine and it is capable of running at very high speed. But the advantages in DC machine are not in Induction machine. It is very difficult to control torque in Induction machine.

Induction machine
The equivalent rotar current and equivalent mantesing current is the vector sum of these two currents is stator current. Whatever happens in the rotar circuit will effect mantesing current and therefore stator current. In DC machine the rotar current and field current are always at 90 degrees and could control them independently

Now, Can I design some sort of controller in which I can get the characteristics similar to that of DC machine from an Induction machine. Here is a control scheme along with power processing scheme. I can get the characteristics of seperately excited DC machine from an Induction machine.

The various avenues where u can save electric energy.

Let us talk about the synchronous motor. Generally hyper machine but it is not a self starting motor. If machine is suddenly loaded (Transient loading) it may fared of step. In this machine the rotar speed is determined by the supply frequency. Speed of the synchronous machine is always equal to synchronous speed. Synchronous speed is governed by the supply frequency. In other words the supply frequency determines the speed of rotation. this is incase of conventional synchronous motor connected to three phase supply. Can I address this stability problem?

Instead of making the rotar speed depending on stator frequency Can I generate stator frequency from rotar speed. In case there is sudden transient load on rotar then the rotar will decelerate so automatically there should be reduction in stator frequency and if that happens then there is no stability problem at all. Synchronism is always assure. So is it possible to implement this scheme. I have high power energy running at high inertial load, J is very high. Now you want to stop the motar. You want to decelerate it and bring it to halt. If u put off the supply since J is very high it will take longer time to decelerate and come to halt.

dw/dt = Te - Tl/j. (During motoring)
If it comes to halt then Te (electro magnetic torque)becomes zero and all the energy that is stored in inertia is dissipated as heat and machine takes long time to halt.

Talking about energy conservation, Instead of dissipating the stored energy can I recover and filled back to the source and simultaneously can I reduce the rate of deceleration .
dw/dt = -(Te + Tl)/j (During regeneration)
by making the Te negative I have increased the rate of deceleration. This means energy is fed back which is generating action.

The DC power supply that is used in the lab. We require 0 -5 volts. In analog electronics depending upon the biasing voltage.

He has shown a regulator which is dual supply. 30 volts and 2.4 amps approx 150 watts.
He has shown another power supply which is used in computers 200 w.
First one is so heavy because there is a weak element i.e. 50 Hz step down transformer. Can we eliminate the step down transformer there by eliminating size, weight.
There is something known as switching losses, which increase with frequency.
One of the method is reduce the clock speed which is not possible because everyone want fast speed. But I have to reduce the losses. How do I reduce the losses? Another way to reduce the losses is to reduce the biasing voltage itself. because when the output is high the output if ttl is vcc. and if output is low then it becomes zero
Now the biasing voltage is 0.9 v and 100 amp

POWER SYSTEMS
Long transmission lines and sending voltage and receiving voltage Vs and Vr respectively. It is expected that Vr remains constant, approximately one per unit. We know that voltage at the receiving end generally falls with load. and magnitude of Vr is much less compared to Vs as lagging VAR demand increases. If the lagging power factor becomes very poor and large inductive load is connected and we will find that the difference between Vs and Vr is high.
If I keep Vs constant Vr drops. If the lagging VAR demand increases in other words as the power factor angle increases this magnitude of Vr falls. Now how do I mantain Vr at constant value. I told that one of the reason for Vr to fall is the reactive power demand is increased. The transmission line is feeding large reactive load. SO one of the way to improve the power factor in which we learnt in circuit theory is to connect a capacitor at the receiving end. This capacitor will supply the required lagging voltage. Now the current in the transmission line is unity power factor. The reactive demand is met by the capacitor. As the voltage of the load falls the VAR supplied by the capacitor also falls.

If C is connected at the receiving end
Q = (Vr2/Xc)
According to the transmission line as Vr falls Q should increase only then it will mantain the required voltage value. but here as the Vr falls Q also falls according to formula. This is something like Unreliable friend when U want friend's help u don't get it
second thing is u have to vary Q and smooth variation in Q is not possible.Its going to be in steps.

Can we design a circuit which supplies both + and _ Q, lagging VARS as well as leading VARS. and this is independent of Vr, voltage at receiving end.

Second case in power transmission:
consider again a transmission line . I am just representing transmission line by reactance Xs. Voltage at this point is V1 and at other point is v2. Angle between V1 and V2 is delta. so what is the power transmitted through this transmission line. it is (V1 * V2 / Xs) * sin (delta).
Assume v1 and V2 are 1 per unit
then P= sin (delta)/ (Xs).
Theoritically the angle is 90 degrees but practically it is 30 - 40 degrees.
Now is it possible to increase the P securely.
V1 and V2 are voltages at two ends and at the mid point i am maintaining the voltage Vm which is one per unit and by supplying only the reactive power so i am connecting a reactive element in the middle and making th evoltage at the mid point of transmission line is one per unit. So in the middle there is no active power transfer only reactive power transfer. I am just supplying Q at the center point. Now I can find the angle between V1 and Vm is delta/2.
Now the power that is transmitted is

p= V1 . Vm sin (delta/2)/(x/2)

Now the graph is plotted between both.

initially the theoritical limit is 90 degrees. For second case theoritical limit is high.

It is possible to transmit higher power transmission through exhising transmission power line by providing some sort of reactive power.

What is the role of power electronics to acheive this?

Third application in power systems.

we have a long transmission line and power is generated in rural area and bulk is consumed in urban areas. As soon as there are long transmission lines there are various problems. \

Stability

Voltage drop

Can we address this problem?

Instead of directly sending the power to the receiving end can we convert the ac power into DC? and transmit the DC power and at the receiving end invert to AC. All the power loads they require AC.

Now I am converting to Dc and there are two wires Positive DC bias and negative DC bias. In AC we have three transmission lines.

This scheme is called as high voltace Dc transmission.

Question is can the bulk power be transmitted by converting in to DC?

The bulk power is consumed by the second factor is lightning. We all know lumer per watt for incandescent bulb is much lower compared to that of a lumer per watt of flouroscent lamp.

Why it required more power. What do we require here,.

We require a blast, what is known as a choke, a starter. Why do u need a choke because the lamp has a negative characteristics once the arc has been stuck. Lamp has NEGATIVE IMPEDANCE characteristics. It operates at 50 Hz. Invariablythe magnetics that is used at 50 Hz they create a objectionable noise. It is irritating because it is inthe audio range. they are lossy and overall power factor is again poor. Lamp is ignited at every 100 sec. There is something known as stroboscopic effect.

The Lumen, the output of the lamp increases if frequency of operation increases. As lamp is operated at higher frequency lumen is also emitted highly. Now the frequency of operation is high now the sige of the magnetics or storage elements also comes down. As the frequency of operation increases then the 'C' or 'L' required comes down.

If the frequency is above 20 KHz it is in the above audible range. u cannot hear the noise produced. Looks like it has advantages by operating the lamp higher than 20 Khz

one is u cannot hear the noise bcoz it is above the audible range

lumen output is also increased.

size of the magnetics has come down.

it is possible to improve the source side power factor.

Plot of lumen output to the frequency. It attains peak at around 20 K Hz. here i have 50 hz and I need 20 K Hz some where I need frequency converter. This is about lightining.

ENERGY FROM THE ALTERNATE SOURCES:

Inorder to extend the life period of energy sources

one way to use very efficiently and another way is to look for other alternate sources.

the future source is gonna be something calle ddistributed energy source. It means if there is a demand set up a small power plant there itself which prevents loss of power in transmission.

The future is gonna be renewable source like wind, solar, bio-mass and hydro. Problem in solar is output is DC and all require ac.

Wind energy now provieds more than 31,000 MW of power around the world, in India installed capacity is 1900 MW.

It is estimated that wind could supply 12 % of the world's electrical demand by 2020.

As the wind speed changes there is a turbine and the speed at which the turbine is rotating the rotor of machine also changes.

Block diagram

Variable speed generator. therfore the magnitude of the voltage as well as the frequency is the function of the wind speed. Voltage induced in the conductor is proportional to the speed of rotation or the relative speed and the frequency also depends on the speed.

At this point we have variable frequency AC source and Grid on the other end requires constant voltage and frequency source. WE canno have a frequency and voltage varying at the wide range. and wind varies here so there has to be a power processing unit.

what is this power processing unit?

There are directly grid connected induction generators so called fixed speed. The moment i connect induction generator directly to the grid , stator frequency is determined by the grid so the rotor frequency is also fixed but now - a - days the variable speed the wind turbines with permanent magnetic machines are gaining popularity.

O/p frequency and the voltage are the function of speed. The grid requires constant frequency and constant voltage. SO we require a power processing unit.

URBAN POLLUTION: Can be decreased by wide spread of electric vehicles. Instead of having vehicle which are operated in gasoline u have electric vehicle. we know that gasoline are efficient at particular speed so operate the IC engine at that particular speed and other speeds motor driving the wheels. Thereby u can reduce the pollution and save the fuel.

POWER ELECTRONICS: It is the technology associated with efficient conversation and control of electric power by power semiconductor devices.
Goal of P.E : To control the flow of energy from electric source to electric load.

The success of any technology depends on following.
1) It should be highly efficient
2) Reliable
3) The size, weight and cost should be low.

BOOKS FOR PE

2009-07-13T09:08:00.000-07:00

1. M.H RASHID POWER ELECTRONICS : CIRCUITS, DEVICES AND APPLICATIONS
2 NED MOHAN POWER ELECTRONICS APPLICATIONS AND DESIGN
3. CYRIL LANDER POWER ELECTRONICS
4. B.K BOSE MODERN POWER ELECTRONICS AND AC DRIVES

PE LEC 1

2009-07-13T08:59:00.000-07:00

-> KVL, KCL and behavior of inductor and capacitor for DC excitation and ac excitation
->good knowledge on circuit theory and electrical machines, power systems, power semiconductor devices, analog electronics and digital electronics, control theory and micro processors
->divided in to 6 patrs
1) intro
2) power semiconductor devices (heart of power electronics)
3) various circuits in PE
1) input is ac to DC converters
2) input DC output DC converters
3)DC - AC converters
4) AC - AC converters

Natural uranium is expected to be for 50 yrs
oil is expected to be for 100 yrs
natural gas for 150 yrs
coal for 200 yrs

solutions is use it very efficiently
improve the conversion efficiency
energy can be produced with renewable source

-> Steam is given as input and it helps generator but the loss is 65 % and there are many transmission medium in middle. At the end only 16.7 % power is left.

->if input is 100kw of fuel energy, output is around 15 - 20 kw of useful work

why spend much effort on motors and their equipment when losses are front end?
Every KW of loss saved in the process drive , 6kw of fuel energy

NUCLEAR PLANTS : SAFETY, HARMFUL GASES, COAL BURNING GIVES FLY ASH, GLOBAL WARMING TEMP INCREASES
EVERY YEAR MT EVEREST HEIGHT IS DECREASING BY 10 CM

->bulk of the power consuming is induction machines that are driving pump or compressor type of machines. Induction motors the speed is constant.
->Lighting consumes good percentage of power consumption
-> If we try to reduce the above power then significant power can be saved.

-> the load torque is proportional to square of the speed
T(l) proportional to w(square)
P proportional to w(cube)

-> if we want to reduce the discharge through the pump or air delivered through the fan which is not 60 W fan. The fans that are used in the industry.
We either use the dampers, which provides resistance to the flow of air.
use a throttling valve to reduce the discharge.
All this at what cost? Power input remains constant. The drive taking same input whether u close the throttle valve. Instead if we try to reduce the speed of rotation we are able to regulate the discharge in case of pump.

In induction machine we have to reduce the speed of the rotar I have to reduce the frequency. Now I required frequency converter. To vary the speed of the induction machine.

What happens to the induction machine if I directly switch on the supply voltage and frequency. It draws a large current could be at the order of 6 amps and that current has to come from a source and force through the cable to the machine then there will be voltage DIP

second is large current should flow through the cable so stress on the cable is also more if I directly start it

The current is flowing through the machine winding so stress on winding also increases.

Life of the machine comes down if I directly start it.

If I try to reduce the frequency if the input frequency reduces (N(s) - N(r)) N(s) is the synchronous speed 120f/p and N(r) is the speed of the rotar
Ns - Nr = Ns at s = 1

If I try to reduce the frequency Ns has come down.
If I have to reduce the frequency I have to reduce the voltage and the reason I will tell u in future.

If the output frequency can be reduced Ns comes down. If I reduce the frequency I also Have to reduce the voltage so that magnitude of INTRUST current comes down
If the magnitude of INTRUST current comes down the voltage DIP gets eliminated and the stress on cable reduces and improves the life of machine.

If v is constant, flux in the machine is constant. Therefore constant losses also remains constant. Core losses remains constant because flux is constant.

Assume that load of the motor is varying. Motor is supplying a variable torque. The variable losses which are function of load they also keep changing. Probably input voltage is constant so area of the flux is constant. Core losses remains constant. Load is varying so variable losses is also varying. One of the condition for maximum efficiency. The condition is constant losses = variable losses. If I am feeding a motor directly from utility supply where input voltage tend to remain constant and if the load of the motor is of variable type. When the machine is lightly loaded efficiency of the motor is very poor

It is possible to improve the efficiency of motor when it is lightly loaded by decreasing the flux.
The condition is constant losses = variable losses.
The load of the motor is lightly loaded, variable losses have come down and constant losses have remain set. Now I need to reduce the core losses by reducing the air gap flux density and this is possible by reducing the input voltage to the motor.

How do i vary the input voltage of the motor.
in the lab - may be there is an auto transformer.
The size of the auto transformer could be as big as the size of the machine itself. The entire set up is bulky plus it is expensive.

How are we varying the speed of the fan? We are using the regulator to regulate the speed of the fan.
we are applying the reduce voltage to the motor in order to reduce the speed.

If I keep the regulator in very low speed after some time regulator becomes very hot in other words if I introduce the resistors in the regulator .

Power semi conductor device which is the heart of power equipment.

If I can reduce the input voltage to the motor which is driving a variable load it is possible to improve the efficiency of the machine.

70 % of the Air conditioners the speed of the motor itself is varying in other words frequency is being changed. They use variable speed drives

What is the use of using variable speed drives?
In window air conditioners that are directly switched on or off. There is a thermostat inside and temperature is being controlled within a hysteresis band. If the temperature is fallen below a point then AC is put off and if the temp increases then AC is put on.

The problem here is voltage DIP, stress on the cable and machine life comes down. Instead can u vary the speed slowly. Very smooth control of temperature is possible.

SLIP PEERING INDUCTION MACHINE: When the power rating is high we go for slippering induction machine. In any induction machine 's' times the air gap power input is dissipated as heat in the rotar . Air gap power input is approximately equal to the input itself. so 's' times the input power is dissipated as heat.

Can I recover the power that is fed as heat to source. or is it possible to increase the starting torque and decreasing the starting torque electronically.

ADD VALUE

2009-07-12T15:28:00.000-07:00

1) U need to be active in the class. U need to prepare the class before hand and u need to be smart in asking the doubts. Write down all the questions.
2) Meditation is the next important thing. Meditate for at least 30 mints daily.
3) No more movies.
4) Listen to only English songs.
5) Never smile
6) Be calm and don't talk with people.

9 CORE STEPS

2009-07-11T15:37:00.000-07:00

->IF U KEEP ON DOING WHAT U HAVE DONE THEN THE RESULT WILL BE SAME. FOR THE RESULTS TO CHANGE UR HABITS HAVE TO CHANGE.
-> CONSISTENCE AND PERSISTENCE WITH 9 CORE STEPS.
-> ALWAYS ASK URSELF AM i DOING 9 CORE STEPS?
-> EAGLE ACTIVITIES : 12 WIDE , 6 PV CHEQUES, 4 LEGS IN STANDING ORDER, 3 LEGS COMING TO FUNCTION. 10 STANDING ORDER IN THE ORGANIZATION .
-> SHOW THE PLAN
-> GETTING SOME CLIENTS, LEAVE THEM SOME SAMPLES
-> DEVELOP CLIENTS FOR 50 PV. IF WE WANT BONUS CHEQUE THEN WE NEED TO DO DO 50PV
->CONSISTENCE AND PERSISTENCE IS THE TOOL
-> STANDING ORDER IS THE BEST TOOL.
-> READING BOOKS MAKES U CHANGE UR MIND.
->

RAJ SHAH:
-> HOW COULD YOU BE FINANCIALLY FREE FOR NEXT 2 YEARS?
-> THIS IS THE ONLY OPPORTUNITY TO BE FINANCIALLY FREE.
-> U NEED TO WORK SMART
-> U GOTTO HAVE DREAM GUYS
-> MY EMOTIONAL DREAM.
-> BUILD THE BUSINESS WITH RIGHT STRUCTURE, RIGHT NUMBERS, RIGHT RELATION SHIP,
-> U GET 7500 PV AND QUICK STAR PUTS U PLATINUM QUALIFICATION
->U GOTTO SPONSOR ATLEAST 10 - 12 PEOPLE.
-> U NEED TO BE HONEST BCOZ IN THIS BUSINESS ONLY PERSON U FOOL IS U.
-> I WANT TO HAVE THE BEST LIFE STYLE IN THIS BUSINESS
-> LOOK FOR THE GUY WHO IS WILLING TO LISTEN
-> TRY TO BE COOL IN TH EBUSINESS LIKE KANTI
->KANTI DON'T TRY TO CHANGE PEOPLE RATHER KANTI GOES AND FIND PEOPLE WHO WANTS TO DO WHAT HE THINKS TO DO.
-> IF U BUILD THE FRIENDSHIP U BUILD THE PLATINUMSHIP
->

PLAN

2009-07-10T22:07:00.000-07:00

hey what u do ?

Well we are working on a business opportunity and we are looking for one or two sharp people who can understand the importance of passive income.

what are your future plans? what u want to do after ur graduation? well that is your PLAN A.
how about having a plan b of income

well I want to make the session interactive so I will ask u some questions.

can u tell me the sources of income?
1) Job 2) Self employeed 3) Investment 4) business

In job we have to trade hours. The hours u work the money u get. If we draw a graph between time and money the graph is linear.
If u work u will get money, if not u will not get money

Next is self employement, doctors and advocates are self employees. But inorder to earn money they have to still work. The slope of the graph may change but it is still linear.

next is Investement. Stocks and shares. But the problem is u need to have lot of money to invest.

The other one is Big Business. This is something like Microsoft. U know bill gates quit the microsoft and now it is steve ballmer. Now bill gates started gates foundation and working in south africa. Now he doesn't have to worry about money because he already created the system. There is a system that takes care of his financial part. He has lots of shares in Microsoft so he gets money even though he doesn't work.

Where did u buy this sweat shirt?
How much did it cost u?
well i think it is 5.99
How much do u think the manufacturer has made it?
make some rough guess?
Exactly
For manufacturer it costs 30 % but remaining 70 % u pay will go to the disributors. There are jobber, whole saler and retailer in the middle. Simple questiion here is why do we need to pay 70 % to the middle mens.
Inorder to remove the middle mens DELL came in to picture.
What DELL did is it removed the middle mens.
DELL said that I know the customer and I know the manufacturer and it moved everything to online and in 70 % it gave back 30 % to the customer and it put back the 40 %.
Now the customer is happy and the DELL is happy.

This is the beauty of moving to online.

Now simple question is when computers can be moved to online why not all the products?
If all the products are moved online then we can save so much of money. and this concept is called DIRECT DISTRIBUTION.

This model of business is AMAZON in the front end and FACEBOOK in the backend.
what AMAZON does ? does it manufacture any product?
No
It is a platform where we get all the products . Some one puts the product in the amazon and someone buys it.

Do u know which fast food center is in wall mart? Sub-way
and there is a TCF bank in CUBFOODS.
If u go for wallmart and if u feel hungry u go fr sub-way and similarly if u want to go for sub-way u feel like buying something in wall-mart.
similarly the same case in Cub-foods and TCF bank.
This is called affiliate marketting. This is sharing customers.

On backend it is like facebook.
Does Facebook manufacture any products? does it have a retail or whole sale shop? No writ
but its worth of 20 billion company. Infact Microsoft purchased 1.6 % of share of facebook for 200 million dollars. Mark Zukerberg at an age of 25 he owns a company of 20 billion.
who created all the revenue for him? We right?
We are excited to have facebook account but mark zukerberg is more excited because he is creating more income through this.

E-mail to Carolyn 4

2009-06-28T21:04:00.000-07:00

I have created a survey which is about Child and Family Studies using Survey Monkey. The survey basically focus on mission and vision of Department of Child and Family Studies in University of South Florida. This survey collects information from the parents about their children behavior. I have gone through 'CFS info packet' and 'Impact' PDF documents that are available in the website. I have studied various surveys on Child and Family studies and created a short survey.
Please go through http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=1PlcJ9ddYljw9Ohy09_2b99g_3d_3d and comment on my work. This is done using a guest account. I can make it look more professional with images and colors by using paid account.
http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=1PlcJ9ddYljw9Ohy09_2b99g_3d_3d

E-mail to Carolyn 3

2009-06-25T20:30:00.000-07:00

I know this is very early to ask. I can understand that selecting a right applicant for the job is a difficult task as the department receives many applications and you have to interview all the applicants. But, can you please tell me the probable week of interviews so that I can book my flight ticket one week early to complete all the paper work in the university. I am now in Minneapolis and looking for good deals to Tampa.
This is a request from my side and I completely understand that there are several issues to be considered for deciding the interview dates but I would thankful if you could tell me the probable interview week.

E-mail to Carolyn 2

2009-06-25T05:57:00.000-07:00

FILE MAKER PRO
It is a platform where it integrates database engine with Graphical User Interface. It deals about working with records like editing, deleting and committing records. We can also sort and search records depending upon the user. We can also create layouts,reports and screens. Each file maker database can be saved as Excel sheet or PDF document. When compared with other database management systems, File Maker pro is efficient and easy to develop. The information can be viewed in different ways like forms, list and tables. We can also automate the tasks with buttons and scripts.
I just wanted to give an over view on the advantages of the tools. Rather than explaining about the tools I would like to do some applications in the Department of Arts and Sciences.

E-mail to Carolyn

2009-06-25T05:27:00.000-07:00

From my experience of using the tools I want to go through few concepts.
Survey monkey is used to create web-based surveys. Using a professional account we have around 45 templates that we can use directly. Using several themes we can change the overall look of the survey. We can also add our department logo in the first page of survey. In Survey Monkey we have the flexibility of editing the navigation buttons, progress bar, question numbering and page numbering. In the first page we can describe about the intention of survey by describing it in few sentences. When we are adding questions we can also set the type of questions we want like multiple choice with single answer, multiple choice with multiple answer, rating questions and many more. We also have the flexibility of breaking the page.
There are several options to collect the responses. We can use web link, e-mail invitation or pop-up window invitation. We can also change settings for the link to work. If the survey is taken in computer labs or kiosks we can set our survey by allowing multiple response from a computer. We can also track the IP address of the responder.
From my experience I know how to enhance survey respondent participation. The above concepts are the basic ones. There are several advanced concepts like analyzing the results, how to use filters in the results, how to resend the invitation depending upon the response. I am confident that I can do an excellent job.

SURVEY MONKEY

2009-06-24T19:44:00.000-07:00

-> Create a free account
->After logging in click 'My Surveys' button
->To create a new survey, click on 'Create Survey'
->We can 'create survey from scratch' or from one of the survey templates
->In professional account we have around 45 templates
->To create a survey from scratch in title we write the name of the survey like 'Example Survey' and select 'Create survey'
->Use the survey options to change certain changes like numbering
->To change the overall look of survey select the 'Theme'
->As a professional account holder we can also make certain changes to the theme which suits our company colors and logo.
->Click 'survey options' under it we can change the page and question numbering, add our logo to display on top of each survey page.
->In survey options we can use
page numbering,
question numbering,
progress bar,
show survey title in actual survey
show page title in actual survey
we also can edit navigation buttons
we can also highlight required questions
save changes
-> To modify the survey click on 'EDIT PAGE' and write down the title and page description.
-> To add question click on 'ADD QUESTIONS' and we can select type of questions.
select 'Display choices as buttons (1 column)
then 'Enter the text for the question'
and in answer choices each answer on separate line.
->scroll down for the optional question formatting
-> We can add comment field to each question so that we can enter the response that is not in the answer choices and click on Make comment field an answer choice.
->By selecting 'Multiple choices with multiple answers' we can select more than 1 answer.
->There is also field like 'Require answer to question'. sometimes we need certain number of questions to be answered. We can highlight the option.
->Another trick is to 'add page breaks' and the survey opens the new page for editing.
->Next add page here
->'View all pages' and 'Show this page only' also plays roles
->In page 3 we want to add a 'rating question' so select 'rating scale' from the question menu. and type the question and enter the choices in the separate line.
->We go for the column choices. We can choose the number of ratings by the drop down column.
->we get four columns and in label we can write
Very important,
Somewhat important
important
Not Important
->I will change the ranking to reflect the value of my choices. I want very important to be assigned the weight of 4 and not important the weight of 1.
->you can also add N/A column choice (the added N/A choice is not calculated in our results.)
->The option forced ranking allows selection of only one response for column.

THE COLLECTORS
Multiple collectors provide simultaneous collection from different sources.
Each collector has independent settings and restrictions for targeted collection control
plus, you can filter and clear responses by collector.

-> Click the collect ion to open the collectors for a survey(The links to collect responses)

->OPEN OR CLOSED?
Blue Icon- The survey has open collectors
Red Icon- The survey does not have any open collectors. Respondents see the "Closed Survey message" instead of the survey when accessing the link.

-> With professional account we have three options of collecting the responses.
-> Create a web link
-> Create an email invitation
-> Create a pop up invitation
-> Click on create a link and enter the name and click 'Next'
->Collector link opens for copying and pasting to send in e-mail. In the bottom use the link to post the link on ur web page

-> Collectors settings and restrictions allow to control how the link works.

->In ' collector settings' how we want the link to work?
-> Sharing a computer.
-> In computer lab
-> How do I open my website?
-> Can respondents edit the survey later?
-> I want to prevent multiple responses from same computer.
-> Data entry responses
All these can be decided under collector settings.

-> All link start with setting of 'one response per computer'. We can change the setting to 'Multiple response per computer'(which is recommended for kiosks or computer labs)

-> The survey completion setting determines what happens when the Exit survey link or final 'DONE' button is clicked.

->we can redirect to our own web-page.
->we can also set the survey to close upon completion.
->or select to have the survey loop to a new, blank survey for another response- data entry.
-> We can also save the respondent's IP address in the results.
-> Click on save settings
->Highlight,copy and paste the link for use from the collector summary page.
->I've copied the link. Now I am pasting in the address bar to test the settings

Solar Energy in Space

2009-06-20T17:03:00.001-07:00

Professor,
I am very much interested in doing research in solar energy. I have gone through few concepts of solar energy and I wanted to write the review on the papers that I read.
SOLAR ENERGY IN SPACE:

WHY SOLAR ENERGY?
The need of solar energy in present day can be understood by looking at the statistics and the disadvantages of non-renewable energy source. It is estimated that world oil supplies could be last for next 75 years. Natural gases (which is mainly composed of methane which is found in fossil fuels, coal beds, methane clathrates) may last for another 200 years, but what next? This is the serious problem that we need to work on. These figures are global figures, the actual energy situation is even worse in individual countries like China and India. There are lot of disadvantages with the non-renewable energy source like global warming, acid rain and climatic changes. From the above facts it is clear that there is a high demand for looking in to alternative sources of energy and the search for alternative source of energy lead to the importance of SOLAR POWER.

ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR ENERGY.
SUN is a source of infinite energy. It is already proven that solar energy is cheap, environment friendly and without any drawbacks of non-renewable source of energy. The beauty of the solar energy is energy received from soalr energy each year is 15,000 times the world's commercial energy consumption. The above points indicate that there is a high need for research in the solar power to exploit the energy from the SUN.

SOLAR ENERGY IN SPACE.
From the above mentioned points it is clear that everlasting energy source is solar energy. The next step of research is harnessing the solar power over terrestial bodies. Research proved that the harnessing of solar energy works much better in space than in earth becasue of the climatic conditions.
Power from space can be used in various ways that are not realized before. The solar power from space can be used as illumination of cities, by prolonging day light bio-mass production on earth can be increased and increasing solar energy production on earth by the illumination from space.
For the transmission of solar energy from the space to earth, the best way is to convert in to electromagnetic radiation like microwave and LASER emmision. For all the research in space solar energy from space is used.
Presniakov has come with a formula regarding the power consumption by space solar plants.
In space the power consumption is taken place by information technology and transport system. The power consumption of the information satellite will not exceed several tons of kilowatts of electric power. The power consumption by transport system will exceed the information systems by 2-3 orders of power consumption.
Robotic system is used for assembling and constructing the objects in the space. Robotic system will have power consumption of 10-100 of kilo watts. The conversion of solar energy is converted in to micro wave signal in order to transmit through the climatic conditions. Then the microwave signal are rectified and transformed to public use.

SATELLITE POWER SYSTEM
This is the system that utilizes the space solar power. This converts the everlasting solar energy in to high quality energy for human kind. The system is placed in geostationary orbit around the earth to capture the sun's energy. After capturing the solar energy is converted in to laser or microwave depending on the application. Ground system on the earth will convert the received solar energy in to electric power for the use of human kind.

ISSUES:
There are few issues related with the location of solar power stations. There are two options, either Geostationary Orbit (GEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO). The height of the geostationary orbit from the equator is very long which results in problems related with wireless power transmission. The transportation from earth to the power stations will be ease with the use of LEO.
The other issue is with respect to the lasers at reception site. The side effects of the laser to the human beings at the reception site. Another concern is about the air planes. Can air planes fly in this area?

DEVELOPMENT OF AN INTEGRATED MEMS BASED DNA ANALYSIS CHIP WITH ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL COMPONENT

2009-06-13T20:12:00.000-07:00

The smart Bio-MEMS project aims at developing a novel micro total analysis system with fully integrated functionality including sample preparation, DNA amplification, gene detection (geno typing: Genotyping refers to the process of determining the genotype (genotype cannot be observed. The genotype is the genetic constituent of the cell, an organism, or an individual, ) of an individual by use of biological assays)read-out and data processing, ideally suited for fast and cost-effective genetic analysis.

All stages of DNA analysis will be implemented on-chip by addressing the latest advances in MEMS technology, which possess appropriate potential to enable complete genetic testing with increased functionality and performance, at reduced costs especially due to the optimized consumption of costly reagents. Innovative 'ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL ELEMENTS' will be integrated on-chip to precisely move minute amounts of liquid in a controlled way, thus maximizing the whole performance of lab-on-a - chip. OPTICAL FLOW VIZUALIZAION TECHNIQUES including 'MICRO-PIV (PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY) AND LIF (LASER INDUCED FLUOROSCENCE) and special micro-fluidic CFD-applications will be developed to locally quantify the temperature and flow field within the chip, thus leading to the significant improvement in the optimisation of micro fluidic device performance.

DEFINITION OF TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS
The SMART BIO-MEMS system shall possess the capability of identifying the genetic mutations by integrating components for sample pre treatement, PCR amplification and minisequencing with DNA micro array on the same micro-fluidic device.

Those parts that are in contact with the sample are disposable so they will be fabricated using inexpensive material. On the other hand, the actuators for mixing and heating can be re-used and should be fabricated with high precision clean room technologies

LAB-ON-A-CHIP: The lab-on-a-chip consist of two main units
1) Polymer based inexpensive and disposable bio chip with all the necessary reagents for different reactions

2)More expensive reusable control unit where all transducers and actuators are integrated.

A third layer , pneumatic chip, providing the housing for the pneumatic connections needed for the flow control will be placed above the disposable chip.

Genotyping assays at optimal biochemical conditions will be established in the conventional format and then will be transferred to the bio chip format

Among the different possible targets of genetic mutations the p53 gene has been selected as most frequently mutated gene in cancer.

The smart Bio MEMS system shall be able to perform a complete DNA analysis and achieve the EXACT SEQUENCE INFORMATION within 1 working day, providing parallel identifications of about 30 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) and enabling reliable genotyping from as little as 3000 cells

DEVELOPMENT OF ADVANCED OPTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES
A dedicated optical recording system has been developed. It consist of high quality zeiss objectives with a computer controlled xyz traversal.

The set up is optimized for mounting upto 2 CCD cameras for simulaneous PIV and LIF recordings. The micro-fluidic device is illuminated co-axially by a pulsed laser of an intense LED. Software has been written to control the microscopic translation stage by a standard PC and to record messages from the cameras. Software modules for different measurement techniques have been implemented and initial tests performed.

COMPUTTIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC MODELLING (C F D)

Many CFD codes are multi-physical problem solving software, but only few are actually suitable to study such a complex problem like the biologcal flow within a micro chip. The attention was pointed out on specific multi-physical MEMS software.

commercial CFD-ACE+ and COMSOL multiphysics have been finally chosen. Preliminary analysis demonstrated that they can correctly evaluate magnetic and thermal fields in micro structures in the range of parameters expected in SMART-Bio MEMS Project.
(Go through all the tools in youtube )

DESIGN OF ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL (AFC) ELEMENTS

The idea is to design a micro fluidic device consisting an injection system with an under pressure supply unit. This system includes an array of improved turning multiway turning valves fitted on the disposable chip and adopted to manage the interaction between the fluid actuation and stopping at defined positions to perform certain procedures by implementing hydrophobic membranes. Reservoirs for the sample and elution buffer are included as well.

The actuation system is a flow controlled system by means of tailored syringe pump, which provides an accurate injection of fluid in to the system at constant flow and output pressure.

under pressure will be supplied to the disposable chip through a pneumatic chip provided with suction hemispheres guaranteeing the right positioning of the under pressure channel in the membrane housing and also providing the correct sealing.

A pneumatic chip was designed with suction hemispheres, pressure channels, and pressure connections all integrated and a hole for the optical access is also included.

several solutions were investigated to achieve fast micro mixing in the reaction chambers.

First idea was to use the acoustic streaming effect whereby an acoustic field causes a net fluid flow. Tests have been carried out on polymer chips using piezo ceramics as actuators. All experiments have shown the importance of good acoustic contact as major loss of acoustic energy is in the interface between piezoelectric ceramic and disposable chip. The surface of the disposable chip needs to be parallel to the actuator and the interface needs to be totally free of air gaps.

DESIGN OF PT (PRE-TREATEMENT) CHAMBER PROTOTYPE

DIELECTROPHORESES was first proposed as seperation method for DNA isolation. However accurate analysis of system revealed the incompatibility of this method with the samples to be analysed.

MAGNETOPHORESIS was proposed as valuable alternative DEP, mainly due to its versatality and simplicity. It involves binding of DNA molecules to the surface of magnetic beads, which are added to the sample.

During subsequent washing step the DNA molecules that are bind on the magnetic beads are seperated . In this way the impurities are removed from the sample. A subsequent elution steps allows eluting the DNA molecules from the beads. The DNA is ready for being amplified by PCR

Prelimenary numerical analysis of the magnetophresis was performed inorder to determine the most appropriate magnetic configuration needed to obtain a high beads capturing efficiency.

The results of the numerical analysis say that most efficient beads capturing is obtained when using an array of smaller permenant magnets with alternate magnetic magnetic fields. Indeed this configuration allows maximising the vertical component of the force generated by the magnets.

DESIGN OF THE DISPOSABLE BIO-CHIP

The disposable bio chip consist of a micro fluidic network comprising five identical chambers interconnected by micro channels fabricated by precision micro milling in a polymer substrate. Main advantage of this format is its compatibility with available micro array technology. All required steps of genetic analysis

DNA PURIFICATION

PCR

PCR CLEAN UP

MINI SEQUENCING

HYBRIDIZING

OPTICAL READ OUT

will carry out in disposable chip in single run and without any need for external sample handling.

A defined volume of the sample is injected on chip and transferred from one chamber to the other in a discrete way, by means of pneumatic actuation. The integration of hydrophobic membrane at the entrance and exit of each chamber will ensure an accurate definition of sample of sample volumes and it will provide a means to eliminate air bubbles from the micro fluidic network. The concept of using integrated hydrophobic membranes has been tested and found to be promising.

All reagents for PCR, PCR clean up and mini sequencing will be freeze dried and deposited at the bottom of the corresponding reaction chamber. Storing the reagents in a freeze dried form will allow a longer shelf life of the ready to use bio chip. when the sample solution is injected in to each chamber the dry reagents will be solubilise and react with target DNA.

Polymers are popular on lab-on-chip applications because of the low cost of raw materials and the fabrication process is simple. Microfluidic components can be fabricated easily and rapidly in variety of polymers.

CYCLIC OLEFIN COPOLYMER (COC) TOPAS was selected and it is currently used for the fabrication of biochip test devices. Most relevant properties of Topas with respect to this project are its high rigidity and strength, exceptionally low mositure absorption, excellent biocompatibility as well as high transperency extending in to thr uv range, which makes it suitable for the DNA analysis. Further more its thermal properties can be tuned by varying the ratio between components. The choice of suitable bonding method is the key issue . The bonding process in-fact should ensure a leak prove sealing of the microfluidic network and it should be harmless for the freeze dried reagents deposited at the bottom of the chambers prior to bonding.

BIO CHEMICAL AND GENOTYPING ASSAY DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING

To access the technical performance of the system for multiplexed target detection, 30 SNPs in the TP53 gene have been selected and included in the analysis together with the five cancer causing mutations in the TP53 gene. The SNPs were selected by the following criteria

1) ALLELE frequencies over 5%, preferably in the european population

2)validation status i.e. prior knowledge of successful genotyping

3)position in gene with respect to other variations and repetetive sequences.

In order to adapt the reactions from conventioanl tube format to an integrated micro fluidic bio-chip, we first successfully established and evaluated all seperate reactions. The standard tagarray minisequencing assays yield important knowledge of bio chemical reactions to be included on the bio-chip and served for establishing optimized protocals and conditions for the relavent assays. This process included oligonucleotides design, amplification of the relevant genomic regions by the PCR and all steps in genotyping procedure.

First PCR primers were designed with similar melting temperature and with the goal to minimize interaction between primers. Primers for the detection of each SNP were designed to anneal adjacent to each SNP comprising a length of around 20 base pairs and with a melting temperature of 60-80c. All minisequencing primers were designed to include a 5'-TAG SEQUENCE from the AFFYMETRIX GENE CHIP tag collection. These tags were approximately 20 base pairs long with similar hybridization characteristics and minimal homology to genomic sequence? The combination of all primers including their corresponding tags were analysed to minimize interactions and formation of secondary structures. The oligonucleotides were ordered from Integrated DNA Technologies Inc and pooled in to their respective reaction mixtures.

The best performing SNP assays were selected for integration on Bio-chip. These assays detect 13 different SNPs, including the pharmacogenetically relevant SNP in condon 72 and the five cancer causing TP53 mutations located in 13 different PCR fragments. To ensure high accuracy of the genotyping assay, replication of results were conducted by genotyping of 120 sweedish blood donar samples . The mutations were successfully detected.

DESIGN OF THE SNP BIOCHIP-ARRAY PROTOTYPE

A novel oligonucleotides immobilization method based on the exposure of the spotted surface to UV light has been developed. It doesn't require any chemical treatement of the spotted surface. It has been shown that strong and irreversible bonding of the oligonucleotides to the polymer surface is acheived.

using the IMMOBILIZATION METHOD, arrays of DNA probes have been prepared on both PMMA and TOPAS slides. Arrays were prepared by spotting eight times eight by eight arrays over each slide.

WORK PLAN OF BIO MEMS PROJECT

2009-06-13T18:49:00.000-07:00

WP 1:
--> SYSTEM AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
--> MICRO FLUIDIC CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
--> MICRO PIV & LIF REQUIREMENTS
--> CFD APPLICATION REQUIREMENTS
--> VALIDATION AND TESTING REQUIREMENTS
WP 2:(ADVANCED OPTICAL MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES)
--> PIV & LIF HARDWARE OPTIMISATION
--> PIV & LIF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
--> SOFTWARE INTEGRATION WITH RELATED HARDWARE
--> PIV & LIF PREVALIDATION TRIALS
WP 3: (COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC MODELING)
--> IDENTIFICATION AND ACQUISITION OF APPROPRIATE COMMERCIAL CODE
--> SETTING UP OF NUMERICAL BATCH FOR EXPERIMENTAL APPLICATION CASES
WP 4: (ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL ELEMENT DESIGN AND VALIDATION)
--> DESIGN OF AFC ELEMENTS
-->AFC MODELING
-->AFC PROTOTYPE VALIDATION
WP 5: (PT/PCR CHIP PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION)
-->PT CHAMBER PROTOTYPE DESIGN AND TESTING
-->

BIO MEMS PROJECT

2009-06-13T09:18:00.000-07:00

The system is made of five main sub-systems
1)SAMPLE PRE-TREATEMENT SUB SYSTEM
2)PCR AND MINI-SEQUENCING SUB SYSTEM
3)MICRO ARRAY SUB SYSTEM
4)ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL SUB SYSTEM
5)BIO-CHIP DETECTION SUB SYSTEM

SAMPLE PRE TREATEMENT SUB SYSTEM : It is a microfluidic magnetic bead seperator and it is designed to purify human genomic DNA from whole blood samples and use it as template for further amplification by PCR. It can capture and hold a large amounts of beads introduced at a high flow rate.

PCR AND MINI SEQUENCING SUBSYSTEM : (Polymerase chain reaction is a technique to amplify single or few copies of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating millions or more copies of particular DNA sequence. The method relies on THERMAL RECYCLING, consisting of cycles of repeated heating and cooling of the reaction for DNA melting and enzymatic replication of the DNA. Primers (short DNA fragments) containing sequences complementary to the target region.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v4L7rvmBXbY)
PCR can selectively amplify a single copy of a desired sequence present in a complex mixture present in another DNA molecules. In the video a mixture of genomic DNA molecules shown is blue ribbons contain the sequence we wish to amplify in green called as target sequence. WIth PCR we can make billions of copy of target sequence without having to purify it before hand.

In the first cycle of PCR the DNA molecules are melted by raising the temperature to 95c. After the stands are seperated the temperature is lowered to 60c so that the pair of oligonucleotide primers binds specifically to the 3' end of th etarget sequence on the appropriate strands of DNA. The primer then direct the DNA polymerase called 'TAQ POLYMERASE' to synthesize complementary DNA strands from 'FREE NUCLEOTIDES'. In th eentire mixture of genomics only DNA of target sequence is copied because the TAQ POLYMERASE can only copy the molecules that have primer attached. At the end of cycle 1 both strands of genomic DNA molecule have been copied to form two partially double stranded DNA molecules. In the next cycle same repeats. as the TAQ POLYMERASE is thermally stalble it sustains such high temperature. The primers attach to the three end of the target sequence when the temperature is lowered and the target strands are extended by the 'TAQ POLYMERASE'.

The templerature can be raised to 72c to speed the reaction. At the end of cycle 2 four partially double strands are produced all contain target sequence and some portion of DNA. After cycle 3 it produces two double strand target molecules and 6 longer molecules that contain target and blanking sequence. In sub sequent process the number of target molecules increases exponentially. In cycle 4, 8 longer molecules and 8 target strands are produced. By the end of cycle 30 there are 60 longer length molecules and the 1,073,741.766 target molecules are produced. This means the virtual product is virtually pure target sequence)

PCR AND MINI SEQUENCING SUB SYSTEM : It consist of three polymer chambers, where each of the enzymatics reactions of the genotyping process i.e. PCR, PCR clean up, and mini sequencing takes place following DNA purification. To reduce the complexity of the system a novel concept is intoduced which implies storing of freeze dried regents in the genotyping process.

MICRO ARRAY SUB-SYSTEM : It is a hybridization chamber on which capture oligonucleotides (C Tags) are immobilize on a polymetric substrate in an array conformation.
(OLIGONUCLEOTIDE :

From a chemical point of view oligonucleotide is an oligomer of nucleic acid (deoxyribonucleic DNA or ribonucleic RNA ) It is made by an ordered row of nucleotides containing phosphate and nucleoside i.e. a sugar and a base. Oligonucleotides are short strands taht carry genetic information of human beings.

Each detection primer is annealed to its target and extended with a flouroscently labelled ddNTP at the SNP sites during previous minisequencing reaction, has its own specific tag that is complement to the one of the cTags . The SNPs are then genotyped by hybridizing the extended detection primers to the corresponding cTags with known location of the micro array.

ACTIVE FLOW CONTROL SUB SYSTEM : It consist a fully integrated micro fluidic platform which includes fluid handling device to control the liquid sample plug within the disposable chip, heating elements for temperature controlling and actuators for ultra sound mixing of the freeze dried reagents with the DNA samples in the reaction chambers.

BIO CHIP DETECTION SUB SYSTEM : It is a fluorescence excitation/emission reading device based on a CCD camera to visualize the SNP hybridization pattern of the micro array. It comprises of illumination source , filtering optics, detection optics and the CCD technology.

Advance optical measurement techniques have been developed for micro fluidic characterization of the disposable chip against critical fluid motion field ascepects. An integrated PIV and LIF measurement system has been specifically optimized to measure flow and temperature fields at the same time on micro scale within the reaction chambers of the disposable chip.

CFD analysis has been approached for deep analysis of the physical phenomenon occuring in the disposable chip

Spices

2009-06-09T06:58:00.000-07:00

I want to know about the significance of spices and watching a movie named 'Mistress of spices'
chandan- relives from pain of remembering
Saffron - for lonely nights to grow and attract love in to your life, to give energy for the long hours
Cinnamon- friend maker
kalajeera, black cumen seeds- protector against evil
brahmy oil- to cool urself
mathey seed -for strength
vajwen- for confidence
feather - perseverance
acefatator - the anti dote for love
Tulasi- for remembering,remember to come back
truaht pusht parimi- burnt with loutus root in th evening would make him/her to come back
Aamin powder and kesar to boil in the milk and the whole family must drink it to sweeten the words and remember the love in anger
Neem leaf- if u cut something on your body then put this
Acefeteto - send him away permenantly
Pan - must at the end of every couple meet. slivers of supari for intoxication, shredded coconut for sweet words, codimen - to make the words last for ever
mustard seeds- to send him away from her for ever
cardamam - to bind true love
blackgold - king of spices- to tell the deepest secrets